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Weather
Meteorology Basics 
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Composition of Air (in Cantonese only)
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Fahrenheit and Celsius (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - Descriptive terms of wind speeds (in Cantonese only)
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East Wind．West Wind (in Cantonese only)
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The Water Cycle (in Cantonese only)
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Balloon Captures Falling Ice (in Cantonese only)
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Föhn Wind (in Cantonese only)
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The "lost" trough of low pressure (in Cantonese only)
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Subtropical Ridge of High Pressure (in Cantonese only)
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Scales of Weather Systems (in Cantonese only)
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Arctic Oscillation (in Cantonese only)
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"Positive" Arctic Oscillation (in Cantonese only)
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Pineapple Express (in Cantonese only)
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Extratropical Cyclone (in Cantonese only)
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Omega Block (in Cantonese only)
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Upper-air disturbance (in Cantonese only)
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Polar Vortex (in Cantonese only)
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Why is Rainfall Measured in Millimetres? (in Cantonese only)
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Radiation Cooling (in Cantonese only)
- Trees removing Heat from the Land Surface
- Inversion Layer - Impose its own bounds
- Assessing Atmospheric Stability by Tephigram
- Convergence and Divergence
- Geostrophic Wind
- What is Gravity Wind?
- Fronts and Weather
- What is "Radiation Cooling"?
- What is Foehn Wind?
- What is a "Trough"? (in Chinese only)
- What is upper-air disturbance?
- Ripples in the Atmosphere
- Glossary of Some Meteorological Terms
Thunderstorm and Lightning
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Severe Thunderstorms (in Cantonese only)
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When Lightning Strikes (in Cantonese only)
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How far away is the storm? (in Cantonese only)
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Lightning Strikes - Weather Wonders (in Cantonese only)
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Legends of Clouds (I) - Lightning and Thunder (in Cantonese only)
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Legends of Clouds (II) - Ahead of Storms Comes … (in Cantonese only)
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Lightning Strikes - Mastering the storm (in Cantonese only)
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Lightning Protection 1.0 (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - Thunderstorms (in Cantonese only)
- What are "Thunderstorms"?
- The Physics of Lightning
- Can outdoor activities continue under thunderstorm warning?
- Thunderbolt Hood
- Why does a Thunder Sound the Way It does?
- Why Lightning Looks the Way It does - Crooked and Forked?
- Why does Lightning always Come before Thunder?
- Why We Cannot Hear the Thunder of a Distant Lightning?
- What is a dry thunderstorm?
- What is cloud-to-cloud lightning?
- How to detect lightning?
- Observe the Observatory to Prevent Lightning Strokes
- How to determine the lightning location?
- Don't be a Lightning Rod
- Does lightning always strike the tallest object?
- Microburst Induced by Thunderstorms
- Predict Lightning Positions by Tracking Thunderstorms: Airport Thunderstorm and Lightning Alerting System
- Thunderstorms and Squalls
- Squall Lines and "Shi Hu Feng" - what you want to know about the violent squalls hitting Hong Kong on 9 May 2005
- Northwest "Shi Hu Feng" and Northeast "Shi Hu Feng"
Weather Phenomena
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"Falling Frost"? Frost does not fall from sky! (in Cantonese only)
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Hoar Frost (in Cantonese only)
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Wintry Precipitation (in Cantonese only)
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Like Frost Like Snow (in Cantonese only)
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Ice Pellet Factory (in Cantonese only)
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Historical Freezing Weather in Hong Kong, including Snow (in Cantonese only)
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How does a tornado form? (in Cantonese only)
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Twister I (in Cantonese only)
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Twister II (in Cantonese only)
- The Looks of Water in Spring
- The Looks of Water in Summer
- The Looks of Water in Autumn
- The Looks of Water in Winter
- Ice pellets – a rarely observed winter precipitation phenomenon in Hong Kong
- Hail and Hook Echo
- Hong Kong at Freezing Point - Historical Perspective
- Hong Kong at Freezing Point - Observation Perspective
- A rare spectacular sight of rime in Hong Kong
- Cloudy morning or foggy night? High resolution upper-air observations help catch them right!
- Sastrugi
- Frost in Hong Kong
- Ice crystal icing - a threat to aircraft engine
- Tornado in the "eye" of LIDAR
- Waterspout
- Dust Devil
Rain
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What is the shape of raindrops? (in Cantonese only)
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Rainy Season (in Cantonese only)
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Mei-yu (in Cantonese only)
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Localised Heavy Rain (in Cantonese only)
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Rainstorms in Hong Kong (in Cantonese only)
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Flooding can occur even during amber rainstorms (Part 1) (in Cantonese only)
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Flooding can occur even during amber rainstorms (Part 2) (in Cantonese only)
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Probability of Significant Rain (1) (in Cantonese only)
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Probability of Significant Rain (2) (in Cantonese only)
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Heavy rain investigation team (in Cantonese only)
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Rainstorm Forecast Challenges (in Cantonese only)
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Rainstorm Forecast Challenges Two (in Cantonese only)
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Localised Heavy Rain Advisory (in Cantonese only)
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Challenge of Heavy Rain Forecast (in Cantonese only)
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"Recruitment interview" - Rainstorms (in Cantonese only)
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Beware of landslips. Don't be complacent. (in Cantonese only)
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Rainstorm Trend (in Cantonese only)
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"6.18 Disaster" Recall (in Cantonese only)
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Your name please, Mr Rain. (in Cantonese only)
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Land-sea breezes and autumnal rain (in Cantonese only)
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Can mushrooms make it rain? (in Cantonese only)
- Why does it Rain?
- The shape of raindrops
- Why Is There More Rain in Tai Mo Shan?
- Q & A for Probability of Significant Rain
- The rainstorm development mechanisms in Hong Kong
- Interesting Statistics on Rainstorm Warning Signals
Hot and Cold Weather
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Everybody "complaining" about the hot weather (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - Hong Kong Heat Index (in Cantonese only)
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HK Heat Index (in Cantonese only)
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When will there be a cold surge? (in Cantonese only)
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Coldest Spots in Hong Kong (in Cantonese only)
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Wind Chill on Hilltops (in Cantonese only)
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Wind Chill Effect (in Cantonese only)
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Why are the temperatures over the New Territories a few degrees lower again? (in Cantonese only)
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Cold Winter or Not? (in Cantonese only)
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Exceptionally cold and rainy January (2016) (in Cantonese only)
- An abrupt change of weather due to the passage of a severe cold front
- The Wind Chill Effect
- The 2008 South China snow storm and the cold weather of Hong Kong - a retrospect
- A chat of very hot weather
- What is "Heatwave"?
- Forecasting of Very Hot Weather
- Take Precautions against the Heat
Weather Warnings
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When will the Cold Weather Warning be in effect? (in Cantonese only)
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Cold Weather Warning (in Cantonese only)
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Protect Mother Nature, Prevent Hill Fires (in Cantonese only)
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Dry Weather (in Cantonese only)
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Black Ball (in Cantonese only)
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How are Landslip Warnings issued? (in Cantonese only)
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Rainstorm Warning System (in Cantonese only)
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Any Safe Place Under Black Rainstorm Warning? (in Cantonese only)
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Rainstorm Warnings in the Region (in Cantonese only)
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Special Announcement on Flooding in the northern New Territories (in Cantonese only)
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Special Weather Tips (in Cantonese only)
- The Tropical Cyclone Warning System in Hong Kong
- Interesting statistics on rainstorm warning signals
Monsoons
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Formation of the monsoon (in Cantonese only)
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The Badminton Kids: Autumnal Typhoons (in Cantonese only)
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Strong Wind Signal, No.3…Strong Monsoon Signal? (in Cantonese only)
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When a typhoon encounters the monsoon (in Cantonese only)
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Monsoon Depression vs Tropical Cyclone (in Cantonese only)
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Northeast Monsoon (in Cantonese only)
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Black ball and monsoon (in Cantonese only)
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Northerly Surge vs Easterly Surge (in Cantonese only)
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Winter Surges (in Cantonese only)
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Frontal Passage - Before and After (in Cantonese only)
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Cold Front (in Cantonese only)
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"Moderate Cold" and Winter Monsoon (in Cantonese only)
- Monsoon Lows and Tropical Cyclones
- From Monsoon Depression to Tropical Cyclone
- How much do you know about monsoon depression?
- Will Easterlies Bring a Fine or Gloomy Day?
- An abrupt change of weather due to the passage of a severe cold front
- The monsoons and climate change
- Why the winter monsoon in Hong Kong is generally called the northeast monsoon ?
- The northeast monsoon and its effects to the weather of southern China in autumn
- Winter monsoon - from the perspective of strong monsoon signal
- Combined Effect of Tropical Cyclone and Northeast Monsoon
- Effects of Winter Monsoon (in Chinese only)
- "... winds freshening from the east later (with a few rain patches)" in Weather Forecasts
Visibility
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Visibility Observation (in Cantonese only)
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Visibility Observation
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Searching for Sea Fog (in Cantonese only)
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Watch Out for Fog (in Cantonese only)
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An introduction to radiation fog (in Cantonese only)
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Radiation Fog (in Cantonese only)
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Fog = Cloud? (in Cantonese only)
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Sponge's Press Conference (in Cantonese only)
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Sand and dust weather (in Cantonese only)
- Fog Explained
- More on Fog
- Use of Fog - a source of water supply
- Upslope fog
- Regional variations in visibility over Hong Kong
- Influence of Tropical Cyclones on Visibility in Hong Kong
- Effects of Low Visibility to Aviation
- Visibility observations by Light Detection And Ranging System (LIDAR)
- Haze as a result of Northeast Monsoon
- Duststorms over northern China and the East China Sea (21 March 2002)
- Duststorms over northeastern China (8 April 2002)
- Haboobs
Clouds
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Cloud Appreciation : High Clouds
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Cloud Appreciation : Medium Clouds
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Cloud Appreciation : Stratocumulus vs Altocumulus
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Cloud Appreciation : Low Clouds - Cumulonimbus
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Cloud Appreciation : Low Clouds - Stratocumulus
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Cloud Appreciation : Low Clouds - Cumulus
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Cloud Appreciation : Low Clouds - Stratus
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Sea of Clouds and Inversion Layer (in Cantonese only)
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Inversion Layer and Clouds (in Cantonese only)
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Fallstreak Hole (in Cantonese only)
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Cumulonimbus (in Cantonese only)
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UFO Clouds (in Cantonese only)
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Contrails (in Cantonese only)
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Cloud Appreciation (1) (in Cantonese only)
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Cloud Appreciation (2) (in Cantonese only)
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Filming Sea of Clouds (in Cantonese only)
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Dashing through the Clouds (in Cantonese only)
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International Cloud Atlas (in Cantonese only)
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Cloud Lovers (in Cantonese only)
- 3D Cloud Observation
- Thermal Vision for Sky Observation
- The classification and nomenclature of clouds (1)
- The classification and nomenclature of clouds (2) - The forms and features of high clouds
- The classification and nomenclature of clouds (3) - The forms and features of medium clouds
- Clouds of gloomy weather - "stratus"
- Cirrus
- Cloud street and vortex street
- Stratocumulus Undulatus
- Cumulus - a play in the sky
- Stratocumulus cloud in summertime
- Cumulus congestus cloud
- Cap Cloud
- Lenticular Clouds
- Cavum (Fallstreak Hole)
- Arcus Cloud
- Asperitas Appearing in Hong Kong
- Pileus Cloud
- Iridescent Cloud
- Circumhorizontal Arc
- Mountain Wave Clouds
- Waterfall-like Orographic Clouds
Wind and Pressure
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Tibetan Plateau (in Cantonese only)
- Gust vs Sustained Wind
- Beware of Gusts
- The Higher the Place, the Stronger the Wind?
- Introduction to Air Pressure (Part I)
- Introduction to Air Pressure (Part II)
- The Origin of Wind
- Beaufort Wind Scale
- Measurement of Upper Air Winds - Wind Profiler (in Chinese only)
Sunshine and UV
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Sun Protection Mission (in Cantonese only)
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Summer Sun Protection (in Cantonese only)
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All About Sunshine (in Cantonese only)
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Ultraviolet Radiation (in Cantonese only)
- How to Measure Sunshine Duration?
- Solar Energy Resources in Hong Kong from a Climatological Point of View
- Harmful and beneficial effects of UV radiation
- Ultraviolet radiation at high altitude
- What is UVA?
- Some Statistics on UV Index
- Tips for sunburn protection in Summer
- Sun protective clothing for summer
- Sunburn and SPF
- More about Sunburn Protection ('Sunburn and SPF' Part 2)
- Do we get sunburned on a cloudy day?
- Special care for children in the sun
- Myths about protection against UV radiation
Forecasting
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The SWIRLS Nowcasting System (in Cantonese only)
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Extended Outlook - Probability Forecast of Temperature (in Cantonese only)
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Do you know weather terms? (in Cantonese only)
- Hong Kong Observatory using nowcasting to support Drainage Services Department
- Conveying high-impact weather forecasts with uncertainties — a new challenge for public communication
- Maintaining high availability of Hong Kong Observatory Operational Computer Systems
- A New Milestone in Weather
- Forecasting of Very Hot Weather
- Temperature trend at fingertips
- Does God play dice? – randomness in weather evolution
- "SWIRLS" nowcasting system
- Butterfly Effect, Model Ensemble and Probabilistic Forecast
- The Dwarfs Behind Numerical Weather Prediction
- Simulating Atmosphere
- Your Weather "Crystal Ball"
- Formulation of Weather Forecasts
- Forecasting extreme weather
- What Is the "Location-based Rain Forecast"?
- Weather Forecasting Glossary
Weather and Life
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My Weather Observation (in Cantonese only)
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Personalised Weather Website (in Cantonese only)
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2016-2020 Top 10 Mind-boggling Weather and Climate Events (in Cantonese only)
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A Tour to the Hong Kong Observatory (in Cantonese only)
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Pandemic impacts on weather forecast? (in Cantonese only)
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Do you know "Cool Met Stuff"? (in Cantonese only)
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10th Anniversary of "MyObservatory" (in Cantonese only)
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Sharing on the Use of "MyObservatory"
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Weather and Health - Spring (in Cantonese only)
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Weather and Health - Summer (in Cantonese only)
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Weather and Health - Winter (in Cantonese only)
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Beware of inclement weather when hiking (in Cantonese only)
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Weather Tips for outdoor activities (in Cantonese only)
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Safe Hiking Tips (in Cantonese only)
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World Champion and Scientific Officer (in Cantonese only)
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Mr. Chung and Dr. Louie - What you should know about hiking? (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - Hiking (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - Hiking route choices (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - Distance Running 2020 (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - Marathon (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth -Sailing into the wind (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - Canoeing (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - Rowing (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - Cycling (in Cantonese only)
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Dr. Louie Tells You the Truth - Running Man (I) (in Cantonese only)
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Dr. Louie Tells You the Truth - Running Man (II) (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - North South East West (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - Rain in a ball game? (in Cantonese only)
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Pick a Good Day (in Cantonese only)
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What does "Huinan" in Putonghua imply? Why is it inefficient to use an air conditioner for dehumidifying purpose? (in Cantonese only)
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South facing house is better? (in Cantonese only)
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Weather Prediction by the Fishermen (in Cantonese only)
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Hong Kong - What a Great Place! (in Cantonese only)
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Firework and smoke (in Cantonese only)
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How Much Water Do You Use Everyday? (in Cantonese only)
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Natural Compass (in Cantonese only)
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Green Sea Turtle and Cricket (in Cantonese only)
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Groundhog Day (in Cantonese only)
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Plant survival (in Cantonese only)
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Warmer winter, blooming flowers (in Cantonese only)
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Flowers Blossom for Lunar New Year (in Cantonese only)
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Can mushrooms make it rain? (in Cantonese only)
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Chain Up Boats to Against Typhoon (in Cantonese only)
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Aviators - Flying Doctor (in Cantonese only)
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Aviators - Training (in Cantonese only)
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Mysterious Waglan (in Cantonese only)
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World Meteorological Day (in Cantonese only)
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Weather Without Borders (in Cantonese only)
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Weather Without Borders - Almaty (in Cantonese only)
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30th Anniversary of TV Weather Service (in Cantonese only)
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Tutorial on History of the Observatory (in Cantonese only)
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Tutorial on History of the Observatory (II) (in Cantonese only)
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Friends of the Observatory (in Cantonese only)
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Making of Weather Notes (in Cantonese only)
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Observing the sky for life (in Cantonese only)
- Listening to the "Rain" Symphony
- Weather and Drone Flying
- Happy Hiking with "MyObservatory"
- Meteorologist x Artist
- A brief introduction of the World Meteorological Organization
- Get to Know more Channels for Acquiring Weather Information
- Weather Feng Shui?
- Weather and Aedes Albopictus
- Weather and Influenza
- Why does food taste bland on airplanes?
Folklore
- "Sleeping in springtime, oblivious of dawn" explained
- "Morning thunder seldom lasts till noon" explained
- "Mackerel sky, not twenty-four hours dry" explained
- "Red sky in the morning, sailors take warning. Red sky at night, sailors delight." explained
- "The higher you climb, the colder it gets" explained
- The kind of cloud brings the kind of rain
Data and Technology
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Weather in Hong Kong in 2021 (in Cantonese only)
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Weather in Hong Kong in 2020 (in Cantonese only)
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Weather-ready, Climate-smart (in Cantonese only)
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The unspoken details of "9-Day Forecast" (in Cantonese only)
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Rainstorm Warning System (Part II) (in Cantonese only)
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Weather Outlook with Uncertainties (in Cantonese only)
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Waters of Kai Tak River pouring from the sky (in Cantonese only)
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Flood control with weather appreciation (in Cantonese only)
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Weather seen with ease as graphics turns 3D (in Cantonese only)
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Weather Modification (in Cantonese only)
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Breaking Records (in Cantonese only)
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Upper-air Radio Sounding 70th Anniversary (in Cantonese only)
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70 Years Anniversary of the Voluntary Observing Ships Scheme (in Cantonese only)
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40th Anniversary of Windshear Alerting Service (in Cantonese only)
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Global Weather Extremes (in Cantonese only)
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Weather in Hong Kong in 2019 (in Cantonese only)
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End of Year Mini Theatre - Major Weather Events in Hong Kong in 2018 (in Cantonese only)
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End of Year Mini Theatre - Weather Review 2017 (in Cantonese only)
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Weather Review 2016 (in Cantonese only)
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Exceptionally cold and rainy January (2016) (in Cantonese only)
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Weather Review 2015 (in Cantonese only)
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Weather Review 2014 (in Cantonese only)
- How Chatbot “Dr Tin” is Trained?
- A Deep Learning Journey of Chatbot “Dr. Tin”
- Using the Observatory's app to Cope with Extreme Situation
- How is the Hiking Trail Weather Service made?
- Application of 3-dimensional animation technology in weather observation
- From machine learning to nowcasting
- Artificial intelligence and meteorology related services
- Exploring Potential Applications of Cloud Technology in Weather Services
- Exploring Big Data for Weather-Related Societal Impact Assessment
- Weather Services and IT Security
- Intelligent Meteorological Monitoring Assistant
- Characteristics of meteorological databases
- ABC of meteorological data encoding
- Processing and preservation of meteorological observation data
Tropical Cyclone
Classification, Naming, Characteristics
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Tropical Cyclone Classification (in Cantonese only)
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TC Names (in Cantonese only)
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Typhoon Pineapple Bun (in Cantonese only)
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Typhoon vs Hurricane (in Cantonese only)
- Tropical Cyclone Classification
- Typhoon and Hurricane
- Extra-tropical Cyclone vs Tropical Cyclone
- Structure of Typhoons
- A Typhoon with Double Eye Walls
- Tiny vortices embedded in the eye of a tropical cyclone
- Tropical Cyclone Names in the western North Pacific
- Tropical cyclone track maps get a facelift
Intensity
-
Tropical Cyclone - Observations (in Cantonese only)
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Storm Chasing with the New Dropsonde System (in Cantonese only)
- Will we find gales under Strong Wind Signal, No. 3?
- How does vertical wind shear affect the development of Tropical Cyclone?
- How to Assess the Intensity of Tropical Cyclones?
- Why do Tropical Cyclones always Form more than 5 degrees of Latitude away from the Equator?
- Why do Tropical Cyclones Require Sea Surface Temperatures of 26oC to Form?
- The use of Ship Reports in Determining the Intensity of a Tropical Cyclone
- Aircraft Meteorological Observation for Tropical Cyclones
Tracking
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Tropical Cyclone - Observations (in Cantonese only)
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Tropical cyclone motion and tracks (1) (in Cantonese only)
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Tropical cyclone motion and tracks (2) (in Cantonese only)
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Tropical Cyclone Track (in Cantonese only)
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Five-day tropical cyclone forecast track (in Cantonese only)
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Tropical Cyclone Track Probability Forecast (in Cantonese only)
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How can a "coloured band" be used for tropical cyclone track forecast? (in Cantonese only)
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"Mo's Field"? (in Cantonese only)
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Dr Louie tells you the truth - force field (in Cantonese only)
-
Fujiwhara effect (2018) (in Cantonese only)
-
Fujiwhara effect (2016)
- Data for tracking tropical cyclones
- Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Information
- Probabilistic Forecast for Tropical Cyclone Tracks
- Super Computer Super Accurate?
- Tracking by Satellite Observations
- Tracking by Radar Observations
- Tracking by actual observations
- Why Tropical Cyclone Recurves?
- Interactions between Tropical Cyclones
- What is "Fujiwhara Effect"?
- Tracking and Forecasting Tropical Cyclones
- "Best-track"- a 20/20 hindsight?
Forecasting
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Tropical Cyclone - Local Effects (in Cantonese only)
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Tropical Cyclone - Computer Model Prediction (in Cantonese only)
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The Observatory's "Beach Ball" (in Cantonese only)
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Inedible "Kidney" (in Cantonese only)
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What Can We Do With a "Kidney"? (in Cantonese only)
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How Does Typhoon Baby Form? (in Cantonese only)
-
"Super" forecast generated by supercomputer? (in Cantonese only)
- Tropical cyclone forecast systems at the Observatory
- Forecast of Tropical Cyclone Tracks with Ensemble Forecast
- Kidney and Beach Ball (Wind Speed and Direction Forecast)
- Forecasting Yearly Number of Tropical Cyclones Affecting Hong Kong
- Typhoon 5-6 (Average Number of Tropical Cyclones)
Weather Effects and Impact
-
Tropical Cyclone - Local Hazards (in Cantonese only)
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Multi-Hazard Combined Effect (in Cantonese only)
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Multi-Hazard Combined Effect (2) (in Cantonese only)
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Why don't we use nuclear weapons to destroy typhoons? (in Cantonese only)
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Does a closer distance of a tropical cyclone from Hong Kong always mean a greater threat? (in Cantonese only)
-
Simple Tropical Cyclone Precautions (in Cantonese only)
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Are you ready for an impending typhoon?
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Beneath the Circulation (in Cantonese only)
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Outside the Core of a Storm (in Cantonese only)
-
Be alert to storm surge! (in Cantonese only)
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Typhoon Hazards: Strong Winds, Heavy Rain, High Seas (2018) (in Cantonese only)
-
Typhoon Hazard - Storm Surge
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Typhoon Hazard - Storm Surge (2014) (in Cantonese only)
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Typhoon Hazard - Storm surge (2016) (in Cantonese only)
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Typhoon Hazard - Typhoon Hazards: Strong Winds, Heavy Rain, High Seas (2016) (in Cantonese only)
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Typhoon Hazard - Swell (in Cantonese only)
-
To the East, or to the West (in Cantonese only)
-
Making Landfall to Our East or West? (in Cantonese only)
-
A True Story of Typhoon (in Cantonese only)
-
Tropical Encounter (in Cantonese only)
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Chain Up Boats to Against Typhoon (in Cantonese only)
-
Aviators - tropical cyclone warning signals (in Cantonese only)
- Beware of Multi-Hazard Combined Effect
- Why windows shattered by typhoons fall outside the building?
- Can Aircraft Take-off and Land at the Hong Kong International Airport under the Influence of a Tropical Cyclone?
- Increasing Threat of Storm Surge due to Climate Change
- Very Hot Weather and Storm Surges Triggered by Tropical Cyclones
- Know More about Storm Surge
- Impact of Strong Wind Associated with Tropical Cyclones on Aviation Operation
- Influence of Tropical Cyclones on Visibility in Hong Kong
- Very Hot Weather Ahead of an Approaching Tropical Cyclone
- Combined Effect of Tropical Cyclone and Northeast Monsoon
- To the East, To the West? (Effects of Landfall Position)
- Swells from distant typhoons
Associated Weather Warnings
-
Memorandum for tropical cyclone season (in Cantonese only)
-
"Advisory during Signal 3, Pre-alert for Signal 8" (in Cantonese only)
-
More About Standby Signal No. 1 (in Cantonese only)
-
TC Warnings in the Region (in Cantonese only)
-
Evolution of numbered typhoon signals over the past 100 years (in Cantonese only)
-
Hoisting of physical typhoon signals (in Cantonese only)
-
Typhoon Mail (in Cantonese only)
- When should the No. 1 signal be issued
- A question about typhoon signals
- Significant Weather Information of Tropical Cyclone (TC SIGMET)
- Tropical Cyclone Season in 2011 (When would the Observatory issue the No.8 Signal)
Case Studies
-
Typhoon extremes in Hong Kong (in Cantonese only)
-
Mangkhut: One Year Anniversary (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Mangkhut : Record Breaking Typhoon (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Mangkhut : Inside the Record Breaking Typhoon (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Mangkhut : Storm Surge (I) (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Mangkhut : Storm Surge (II) (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Mangkhut : Guarding Weather Radar Station (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Mangkhut : Forecast for the Storm (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Hato - Upgrading Hato? (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Hato - High Winds = Heavy Rain? (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Hato - Storm Surge blamed for all the calamity (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Hato - Is that truly an once in a hundred years disaster to Macau? (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Hato - Can Drainage Projects Against Storm Surge? (in Cantonese only)
-
Typhoon York: The last Signal No.10 of the 20th century (in Cantonese only)
-
Ellen - The Worst in 1980s (in Cantonese only)
-
Wanda - The Deadliest Typhoon in the Post-war Era (in Cantonese only)
-
Disastrous Typhoon Wanda (in Cantonese only)
-
Looking back at Wanda - An Interpretation with Sand Painting (in Cantonese only)
-
Most Calamitous Typhoons in Hong Kong (in Cantonese only)
- The Observatory recently launched the "Interactive Map of Storm Damage by Mangkhut" webpage
- Severe Typhoon Vicente
- Satellite imagery of Super Typhoon Nida
- Changes in Typhoon Nuri during landfall in Hong Kong
- The Storm Surge Brought by Typhoon Hagupit
- Occurrence of multiple tropical cyclones
- Typhoon Dujuan - a Typhoon with Double Eye Walls
Related Links
Meteorological Instruments
Weather Radar
-
60 Years of Hong Kong Weather Radar (in Cantonese only)
-
The "Father" of Radar (in Cantonese only)
-
Dual Polarization Radar (in Cantonese only)
-
A Day At Radar Station (in Cantonese only)
-
A Brief Introduction of Radar Image (in Cantonese only)
-
Heart-shaped Radar (in Cantonese only)
-
Radar vs Satellite (in Cantonese only)
- What is a Weather Radar?
- Weather Radar Observations in Hong Kong
- How to Interpret Velocity Field from Doppler Weather Radar
- On Terminal Doppler Weather Radar
- Profiling Rain Areas Using Radar
- Hail and Hook Echo
- Use of Building Information Modelling to help maintain Weather Radar
- Radar Image Gallery
- Extraordinary Lightning Protection System for Weather Radar Stations
Meteorological Satellite
-
Radar vs Satellite (in Cantonese only)
- How to measure cloud top height from a meteorological satellite?
- What is a Meteorological Satellite?
- Meteorological Satellite Reception System in Hong Kong
- A New Era of Meteorological Satellites
- "Satellite Imagery of Interest": Human Footprint
- How does a satellite measure the vertical profiles in the atmosphere?
- Polar-orbiting Meteorological Satellite Images
- Monitoring of volcanic ash
- Satellite Image Gallery
Automatic Weather Stations
-
Anemometer and Barometer
-
Thermometer (Sequel)
-
Thermometer
-
Raingauge
-
Bollard Style Automatic Weather Station (in Cantonese only)
-
35 years of Automatic Weather Stations (in Cantonese only)
-
King's Park Meteorological Station (in Cantonese only)
-
Home Sweet Home for the Thermometers (in Cantonese only)
-
Measuring Evaporation (in Cantonese only)
-
Knowledge of Measuring Water Level (in Cantonese only)
-
Centennial Upper Air Observation (in Cantonese only)
-
Automatic Upper-air Sounding (in Cantonese only)
-
Mobile Sounding (in Cantonese only)
-
Upper-air Weather Measurements (in Cantonese only)
-
Sunshine Duration (in Cantonese only)
-
Waglan Island - Before and after Mangkhut (in Cantonese only)
-
Huangmaozhou - Outpost for Typhoons (in Cantonese only)
-
Huangmaozhou - protected Hong Kong over 30 years (in Cantonese only)
-
Weather Observation at Cheung Chau (in Cantonese only)
- Monitoring and forecasting air temperature within urban areas
- Portable Upper-air Sounding System
- Conventional Instruments installed at an Automatic Weather Station in Hong Kong
- Evaporation and Potential Evapotranspiration
- Thermometers Under the Shed
- Thermometer Shed
- Automatic Weather Stations
Aviation and Marine
Aviation
-
Pilots and "CAT" (in Cantonese only)
-
Tremble in the Skies (in Cantonese only)
-
Great Circle (in Cantonese only)
-
Why is it usually faster to fly from Hong Kong to Japan than the return trip? (in Cantonese only)
-
Can an aircraft take off during Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal No. 8? (in Cantonese only)
-
Can an aircraft take off during Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal No. 8? (Part 2) (in Cantonese only)
-
Why can’t aircrafts stay in mid-air and wait for the earth’s rotation to bring us to our destination? (in Cantonese only)
-
Why would check-in luggage sometimes arrive late? (in Cantonese only)
-
Take Off at Shek Kong (in Cantonese only)
-
Flying Mission (in Cantonese only)
-
Aviators - Sky Firefighters (in Cantonese only)
-
Aviators - Weather support to paperless flight (in Cantonese only)
-
40th Anniversary of Windshear Alerting Service (in Cantonese only)
- Tailor-made Meteorological Services in Support of Airport Runway Re-designation
- Aviation Weather Services of Hong Kong
- Meteorological Facilities at the Hong Kong International Airport
- Collaboration of Aviation Weather Services in issuance of SIGMET
- ICAO Meteorological Information Exchange Model 101
- Aviation Weather Observation and Reports
- Crosswind and Aviation Safety
- Unnoticed cross-mountain climber - Mountain Wave
- Terrain-induced Windshear & Turbulence over the Hong Kong International Airport
- Roadblocks in the Sky Convective Weather Impact on Aircraft
- St. Elmo's Fire as Seen from Aircraft
- Severe thunderstorms bringing hazard to aviation
- Nocturnal Jet
- Impact of Strong Wind Associated with Tropical Cyclones on Aviation Operation
- What is "Clear-air Turbulence"?
- Safeguard flight operations - A rare occurrence of volcanic ash near Hong Kong
- Impact of sand and dust storms on aviation safety
- Effects of Low Visibility to Aviation
- Advantages of Short Range LIDAR in Windshear Alerting
- The Impact of Global Warming on Aviation
- The "Tail" of an Aircraft
- Magnetism of Airport Runways
- Magnetism of Airport Runways (Sequel)
- Weather Information for Aviation Sports
Marine
-
Ocean Current (in Cantonese only)
-
Tsunami (in Cantonese only)
-
Tide (in Cantonese only)
-
The tombolo at the Sharp Island (in Cantonese only)
-
Watch Out for Tides (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Mangkhut : Storm Surge (I) (in Cantonese only)
-
Special Series for Mangkhut : Storm Surge (II) (in Cantonese only)
-
Tide Stations (in Cantonese only)
-
Story behind the pier (in Cantonese only)
-
Good Partners in the Ocean (in Cantonese only)
- Storm Surge and Sea Waves
- On sea level rise and abnormal sea level in Hong Kong
- Why are waves always parallel to the shore on approaching the seashore?
- What is a storm surge?
- How to measure tide level and storm surge
- Considerations when selecting a site for tide gauge station
- Swells from distant typhoons
- Response to Strike of Tsunami
- Tsunami Monitoring in Hong Kong
- The hidden danger of swells, an underestimated killer due to tropical cyclones
Climate
General Climatology
-
New Climatological Normals (in Cantonese only)
-
The ABC's of Climate (in Cantonese only)
-
When do seasons start? (in Cantonese only)
-
How is climate classified? (in Cantonese only)
-
Milankovitch Cycles (in Cantonese only)
-
Phenology (in Cantonese only)
- What is Climatological Normal?
- Definition of seasons
- Methane - The second culprit in global warming
- Why Carbon Dioxide is a Greenhouse Gas?
- What is Carbon Cycle?
- Onset of Southwest Monsoon - End of the Fog Season and Start of the Rain Season
- A Brief Introduction to Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI)
- Upper air Ozone Monitoring by the Observatory
- What are the Ozone conditions now in Hong Kong?
- Last time it snowed in Hong Kong
- Volcanoes, weather and climate
- An Introduction to Phenology
- A new frontier for aviation meteorology - Support carbon reduction in the air
- What is microclimate ?
El Niño & La Niña
Climate Change
-
New Zealand (in Cantonese only)
-
Education Package on Climate Change (in Cantonese only)
-
Low Carbon Living You Can Help (in Cantonese only)
-
Greenhouse Effect (in Cantonese only)
-
Chase the Culprit of Global Warming (in Cantonese only)
-
How far are we from the goal of “Paris Agreement”? (in Cantonese only)
-
Climate Fight Series: Not-so-permanent Permafrost (in Cantonese only)
-
Climate Change‧Our Future (in Cantonese only)
-
Competing with Heat (in Cantonese only)
-
Global Warming - A Consensus (in Cantonese only)
-
Climate Change - Our Response (in Cantonese only)
-
After Warming … (in Cantonese only)
-
The cost of feeding a warming world (in Cantonese only)
-
One degree in One hundred years! (in Cantonese only)
-
Will Hong Kong Has No Winter? (in Cantonese only)
-
Is global warming really at work? (in Cantonese only)
-
Future Reports (in Cantonese only)
-
Climate Fight Series - Extreme weather (in Cantonese only)
-
Climate Fight Series - Sea level rise accelerating (in Cantonese only)
-
Rising Sea Level You Must Know (in Cantonese only)
-
The risk from sea level rise (in Cantonese only)
-
Sea Level Rise Imminent| (in Cantonese only)
-
New Era of Climate Records (in Cantonese only)
-
The Arctic Region (in Cantonese only)
-
The future of Polar Bear? (in Cantonese only)
-
Survival for the rodent under a warming world? (in Cantonese only)
-
The Great Flyway (in Cantonese only)
-
Climate Action @ Tai O (in Cantonese only)
-
Ultimate Volcanic Expedition: The Cause of Global Warming? (in Cantonese only)
-
Climate Summit COP21 (in Cantonese only)
- Endless wildfires
- Corals facing the double whammy brought about by climate change
- Will Permafrost Thawing Increase Global Warming?
- Who has Stolen Our Permafrost Tundra?
- Return Period: "Once in N Years"?
- Weather extremes becoming normal?
- Will the Earth Return to Ice Age Again?
- Cold winter in 2009/2010 - Global cooling?
- Can the warming of the 20th century be explained by natural factors?
- How cold was the past winter?
- New record low for Arctic sea ice
- Under the influence of global warming, are tropical cyclone activities changing?
- Onset of southwest monsoon - end of the fog season and start of the rain season
- The monsoons and climate change
- Is the Melting of Glaciers in West Antarctica Unstoppable?
- Milankovitch Cycles
- Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C
- Observatory's Blog - "Polar Vortex" in a Warming World
- Observatory's Blog - Will 2018 be as dry as 1963 ?
Climatological Information of Hong Kong
Radiation
Ionizing Radiation
-
Radiation 101 - Non-ionising (in Cantonese only, but with English subtitles)
-
Ionising Radiation (in Cantonese only, but with English subtitles)
- "Decoding Radiation" e-Book (in Chinese only)
- What is Radiation?
- Where does radiation come from?
- Curie and radioactivity
- Becquerel and Curie
- Variations in the Environmental Radiation Levels around the World
- Half-life
- The Phantom of the Atoms - Alpha Radiation
- Radiation in Our Daily Life
- Biomagnification and Radioactive Substances
- Application of Radiation Technology in Archaeology – X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopic Analysis
- How to Determine the Age of An Antique?
- Exposure to Cosmic Radiation during Air Travel
- Radon
- Radiation from Wind and Rain
- Radiation emitted by Human Body - Thermal Radiation
- Radiation in Consumer Goods
- Man-made Radiation
- Radioactive wastes
- Radioactive Polonium-210
- What is Caesium-137?
- Dirty bomb
- Glossary on radiation terminology and radiation reference materials
Nuclear Power
Monitoring & Assessment
-
Gamma-Go (in Cantonese only, but with English subtitles)
-
E-Programme (in Cantonese only, but with English subtitles)
-
Radiation Monitoring Network (in Cantonese only, but with English subtitles)
-
Radiological Measurements (in Cantonese only, but with English subtitles)
-
Tracing Radiation in the Air (in Cantonese only, but with English subtitles)
-
Story of Squid (in Cantonese only, but with English subtitles)
-
Daya Bay Contingency Plan I (in Cantonese only, but with English subtitles)
-
Daya Bay Contingency Plan II (in Cantonese only, but with English subtitles)
- Nuclear Emergency Drills and Exercises
- Aerial Radiation Survey
- Poisson Distribution and Radiological Measurement
- Minimum Detectable Activity of Radiological Measurement of Environmental Samples
- Effect of Atmospheric Stability on the Dispersion of Radioactive Materials
- Trajectory analysis on the transport of radioactive substances to Hong Kong arising from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
- Chernobyl: 20 Years On (I)
- Chernobyl: 20 Years On (Part II: Incident Consequence)
- Chernobyl: 20 Years On (Part III: Radiation Contamination and Lessons Learnt)
- The Chernobyl Forum - major findings and recommendations
- How was cosmic radiation discovered? And how does the Hong Kong Observatory measure cosmic rays?
- How Do Gamma Radiation Detectors Work?
- Monitoring of Radioactive Substances
- Monitoring of Tritium
- Environmental Radiation Monitoring Programme
- Radiation Contamination Monitoring System
- Emergency Radiation Monitoring and Assessment
- Daya Bay Contingency Plan
- An Economical and Easy Way to Measure Radiation
- Nuclear Accident Consequence Assessment
Radiological Effects
- How does radiation affect us?
- Radiation and Health
- What are the uses of radiation?
- Effect of Radiation on Human Beings
- Medical Radiation
- Relative Vulnerability to Human Body of Some Common Ionizing Radiation
- A scientific perspective of the radiological effects of the Fukushima nuclear accident to the Hong Kong environment
Radiation Protection
Earth Science
General
Geomagnetism
Optical Phenomena
-
Mirage (in Cantonese only)
-
Multiple Rainbows (in Cantonese only)
-
Double Rainbow (in Cantonese only)
-
Crepuscular Rays (in Cantonese only)
-
Halos and Sundogs (in Cantonese only)
-
Halos and Coronae (in Cantonese only)
-
Blue Sky (in Cantonese only)
-
What!? The sky may not be blue? (in Cantonese only)
-
Aurora Watching (in Cantonese only)
-
Polar "Lights" (in Cantonese only)
-
The Legend of Aurora (in Cantonese only)
- Why do stars twinkle?
- What is the colour of water?
- Why do breaking waves appear white?
- Why does wet sand look darker than dry sand?
- Why is the sky blue?
- What causes a rainbow?
- Triple rainbow
- Why is the region outside the primary rainbow much darker than that inside the primary rainbow?
- The mysterious glory
- Sun dogs hovering over Hong Kong
- In-depth anatomy of the atmospheric optical phenomenon - "Sun dog"
- Colours of Clouds
- What are primary colours?
- Why are spectacles or camera lens so difficult to clean?
- Red Eye and 'Glory'
- Why is candlelight yellow and gas-grill light blue?
- Obscured hills - why is a distant hill less distinct than a near one?
- Moonlit Clouds
- Which is darker - coarse sand or fine sand?
- Sun Dogs
- What is Cerenkov Radiation?
Earthquake
-
Underground “Situation Room” (in Cantonese only)
-
Basement of Secrets (in Cantonese only)
-
Basement and Cave (in Cantonese only)
-
Earthquake Intensity (in Cantonese only)
-
How to describe severity of an earthquake: Magnitude vs Intensity (in Cantonese only)
-
Will Hong Kong have strong earthquakes? Can earthquakes be predicted? (in Cantonese only)
- On Earthquake Magnitudes
- What is isostasy?
- A Ground-breaking Tidal Story
- Earthquake Monitoring in Hong Kong
- Records of Felt Earth Tremors in Hong Kong
- List of Locally Felt Earth Tremors since 1979
- What have earthquakes to do with the Earth's climate?
Physics in Daily Life
- Sounds in the Atmosphere
- Why are steel and stone bridges arched in opposite directions, one upward and one downward?
- Bubbles in a soft drink (Part I)
- Bubbles in a soft drink (Part II)
- The science of slit eyes
- The physics of gurgling
- Science in coffee and tea
- Weather forecasting knee - does it exist?
- In the Wake of a Duck
- Why are waves always parallel to the shore on approaching the seashore?
- Supercooling and Superheating
Astronomy and Time
Astronomy
-
The Sun Rises in the East?! (in Cantonese only)
-
The 8 Planets (in Cantonese only)
-
Four planets in conjunction with moon (in Cantonese only)
-
Mars Opposition (2018) (in Cantonese only)
-
Mars Opposition (2016) (in Cantonese only)
-
The Sister Planet of the Earth (in Cantonese only)
-
Comet or Meteor? (in Cantonese only)
-
Astronomical events in August 2021 (in Cantonese only)
-
Geminid Meteor Shower 2022 (in Cantonese only)
-
Geminid Meteor Shower 2020 (in Cantonese only)
-
Meteor Shower (in Cantonese only)
-
Awaiting Meteor Shower (in Cantonese only)
-
Black Hole (in Cantonese only)
-
Super Blue Moon Total Eclipse (in Cantonese only)
-
Super Moon Comes Again (in Cantonese only)
-
Mid-Autumn Super Moon (in Cantonese only)
-
Far Side of the Moon (in Cantonese only)
-
Moon Illusion (in Cantonese only)
-
Penumbral Lunar Eclipse (in Cantonese only)
-
Total Lunar Eclipse in Hong Kong 2021 (in Cantonese only)
-
Lunar Eclipse (in Cantonese only)
-
Partial Solar Eclipse 2020 in Hong Kong (in Cantonese only)
-
Partial Solar Eclipse (in Cantonese only)
-
Solar Eclipse (in Cantonese only)
-
Freckles on the Sun? (in Cantonese only)
-
Zero Shadow Moment (in Cantonese only)
-
Superb Full Moons (in Cantonese only)
- Effect of atmospheric refraction on the times of sunrise and sunset
- Apparent motion of planets Explained
- What is "Solar Eclipse"?
- What is "Lunar Eclipse"?
- What is a Comet?
- What are "Meteor" and "Meteor Shower"?
- What is "Opposition of Jupiter"?
- What is "Parade of the Five Planets"?
- Astronomical Photo Album on the Web
- What is "Twilight"?
- "A Day That Lasts One Year"
- No lunar eclipses are identical
Time Service
-
Why is daytime always longer than nighttime in summer? (in Cantonese only)
-
Hong Kong Meridian (1): A Mysterious Magic Stone (in Cantonese only)
-
Hong Kong Meridian (2): Dr. Stephen Davis and Mysterious Magic Stone (in Cantonese only)
-
Hong Kong Meridian (3): In Search of the Lost Magic Stone (in Cantonese only)
-
Hong Kong Meridian (4): The Last Magic Stone (in Cantonese only)
-
The 40th year of the Caesium beam atomic clock (in Cantonese only)
-
Why do clocks run clockwise? (in Cantonese only)
-
Not A Second Less (in Cantonese only)
-
Time zones (2016) (in Cantonese only)
-
Time zone (2018) (in Cantonese only)
-
Why is February shorter than other months? (in Cantonese only)
-
Which day does the Lunar New Year start? (in Cantonese only)
-
When Lantern Festival meets with Valentine’s Day (in Cantonese only)
-
Double "Spring Commences" and Leap Month (in Cantonese only)
-
Myth about summer: the day with longest sunshine may not be the hottest? (in Cantonese only)
-
24 Solar Terms (in Cantonese only)
-
Winter Solstice (in Cantonese only)
-
"Bright and Clear" and "Insects Waken" (in Cantonese only)
-
Do you know the date of Easter? (in Cantonese only)
- Why is February shorter than other months?
- Network Time Service – Past and Future
- History of Hong Kong Time Service
- Astronomical Time and Atomic Time
- What year is it today?
- The Chinese Agricultural Calendar Explained
- A Brief History about the Authoritative Organizations for Compiling Calendar in China
Space Weather
Webpage of Space Weather
General
-
Freckles on the Sun? (in Cantonese only)
-
The Legend of Aurora (in Cantonese only)
-
Polar "lights" (in Cantonese only)
-
Aurora Watching (in Cantonese only)
- Space Weather - An Introduction
- Why can the sun persistently produce energy for the stable output of light and heat?
- The relationship between sunspot activity and the reversal of the sun's magnetic polarity
- Body Checking the Sun - 3-D Images
- Origin of Solar Flare
- Spectacular Fireworks Show on the Sun
- Shock Wave
Effects of Space Weather
Space Weather Events
Monitoring & Warnings
360 Tour of the Observatory
- e-Bulletin on Educational Resources
- This link will open in a new windoweBook - Decoding Radiation (in Chinese only)
- This link will open in a new windoweBook - A Tour of Tropical Cyclones
- This link will open in a new windoweBook - Cloud Appreciation by Dr Tin
- This link will open in a new window“Gamma-Go” Workshop Application Form
- This link will open in a new windowCWOS Photo Gallery
